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Albert Gutzmann (1837–1910)

  • Published article on stuttering, Treatment of stuttering by organized and practically proven method (1879).

Hermann Gutzmann (1865–1922)

  • Son of Albert Gutzmann.
  • Medical doctor.
  • Considered ‘The father of logopedics’.

Emil Froeschels (1884–1972)  

  • Founded the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics in 1924 (IALP).
  • Stammering as psychological origin.
  • Chewing method.
  • Incorporated different theories.

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1931 – University of Iowa researchers, psychiatrist Samuel Orton (1897–1948) and psychologist Lee Edward Travis (1896–1987)

  • Cerebral Dominance Theory of Stuttering.

1940s – Wendell Johnson (1906–1965)

  • Diagnosogenic theory.
  • ‘Anticipatory hypertonic avoidance reaction’.

1972 – Charles Van Riper (1905–1994)

  • The Nature of Stuttering (1972).
  • Stuttering stigma.
  • Learning theories.
  • Attitudes.
  • Psychogenic desensitization.
  • Neurogenic: acquired ‘Hesitation Phenomena’.

1959 – Howard Maclay and Charles E. Osgood

  • Filled and unfilled pauses, repeats, false starts

1969 – Howell & Vetter

  • '… cognitive complexity of the utterance…’

1961; 1968 – Goldman-Eisler

  • Pausing.
  • Interjections.
  • Repetitions.
  • Tempo changes.
  • ‘Normal’ non-fluencies: filled and unfilled pauses 30% of the time.

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References
  • Goldman-Eisler, F. (1961) A comparative study of two hesitation phenomena. Language and Speech 4:18-26.
  • Howard Maclay & Charles E. Osgood. (1959) Hesitation Phenomena in Spontaneous EnglishSpeech, WORD, 15:1, 19-44.
  • Van Riper, C. (1972). The Nature of Stuttering. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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